history and insurance of protugal

The Roman Temple of Diana, Évora.
The early history of Portugal, whose name derives from the Roman name Portus Cale, is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula. The region was settled by Pre-Celts and Celts, giving origin to peoples like the Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes, visited by Phoenicians and Carthaginians, incorporated in the Roman Republic dominions as Lusitania after 45 BC until 298, settled again by Suevi, Buri, and Visigoths, and conquered by Moors. Other minor influences include some 5th century vestiges of Alan settlement, which were found in Alenquer, Coimbra and even Lisbon.
In 868, during the Reconquista (by which Christians reconquered the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslim and Moorish domination), the First County of Portugal was formed. A victory over the Muslims at Battle of Ourique in 1139 is traditionally taken as the occasion when Portugal was transformed from a county (County of Portugal as a fief of the Kingdom of León) into an independent kingdom: the Kingdom of Portugal.

The Castle of Guimarães, Guimarães – the city is known as the cradle of Portugal.
On 24 June 1128, the Battle of São Mamede occurred near Guimarães. At the Battle of São Mamede, Afonso Henriques, Count of Portugal, defeated his mother, Countess Teresa, and her lover, Fernão Peres de Trava, in battle — thereby establishing himself as sole leader. Afonso Henriques officially declared Portugal's independence when he proclaimed himself king of Portugal on 25 July 1139, after the Battle of Ourique, he was recognized as such in 1143 by Alfonso VII, king of León and Castile, and in 1179 by Pope Alexander III.
Afonso Henriques and his successors, aided by military monastic orders, pushed southward to drive out the Moors, as the size of Portugal covered about half of its present area. In 1249, this Reconquista ended with the capture of the Algarve on the southern coast, giving Portugal its present day borders, with minor exceptions. In 1348 and 1349, like the rest of Europe, Portugal was devastated by the Black Death.
In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with England, which is the longest-standing alliance in the world.

Progress of the Christian Reconquista.
In 1383, the king of Castile, husband of the daughter of the Portuguese king who had died without a male heir, claimed his throne. An ensuing popular revolt led to the 1383-1385 Crisis. A faction of petty noblemen and commoners, led by John of Aviz (later John I), seconded by General Nuno Álvares Pereira defeated the Castilians in the Battle of Aljubarrota. This celebrated battle is still a symbol of glory and the struggle for independence from neighbouring Spain.
In the following decades, Portugal spearheaded the exploration of the world and undertook the Age of Discovery. Prince Henry the Navigator, son of King João I, became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavor.
In 1415, Portugal conquered the first of its overseas colonies by conquering Ceuta, a prosperous Islamic trade center in North Africa. There followed the first discoveries in the Atlantic: Madeira and the Azores, which led to the first colonization movements.

Portuguese explorations: arrival places and dates; main Portuguese trade routes in the Indian Ocean (blue); territories of the Portuguese empire under King John III rule (1521–1557) (green).
Throughout the 15th century, Portuguese explorers sailed the coast of Africa, establishing trading posts for several common types of tradable commodities at the time, ranging from gold to slaves, as they looked for a route to India and its spices, which were coveted in Europe. In 1498, Vasco da Gama finally reached India and brought economic prosperity to Portugal and its population of 1,5 million residents then.
In 1500, Pedro Álvares Cabral, en route to India, discovered Brazil and claimed it for Portugal. Ten years later, Afonso de Albuquerque conquered Goa, in India, Ormuz in the Persian Strait, and Malacca, now a state in Malaysia. Thus, the Portuguese empire held dominion over commerce in the Indian Ocean and South Atlantic. The Portuguese sailors set out to reach Eastern Asia by sailing eastward from Europe landing in such places like Taiwan, Japan, the island of Timor, and it may also have been Portuguese sailors that were the first Europeans to discover Australia and even New Zealand.

An anachronistic map of the Portuguese Empire (1415–1999). Red – actual possessions; Olive – explorations; Orange – areas of influence and trade; Pink – claims of sovereignty; Green – trading posts; Blue – main sea explorations, routes and areas of influence. The disputed Portuguese discovery of Australia is not shown.
Portugal's independence was interrupted between 1580 and 1640. Because the heirless King Sebastian died in the battle of Alcácer Quibir in Morocco, Philip II of Spain claimed his throne and so became Philip I of Portugal. Although Portugal did not lose its formal independence, it was governed by the same monarch who governed Spain, briefly forming a union of kingdoms, as a personal union.
The joining of the two crowns deprived Portugal of a separate foreign policy, and led to the involvement in the Eighty Years War being fought in Europe at the time between Spain and The Netherlands. War led to a deterioration of the relations with Portugal's oldest ally, and the loss of Hormuz. From 1595 to 1663 the Dutch-Portuguese War primarily involved the Dutch companies invading many Portuguese colonies and commercial interests in Brazil, Africa, India and the Far East, resulting in the loss of the Portuguese Indian Sea trade monopoly.
In 1640, John IV spearheaded an uprising backed by disgruntled nobles and was proclaimed king. The Portuguese Restoration War between Portugal and Spain on the aftermath of the 1640 revolt, ended the sixty-year period of the Iberian Union under the House of Habsburg. This was the beginning of the House of Braganza, which was to reign in Portugal until 1910. On 1 November 1755, Lisbon, the largest city and capital of the Portuguese Empire, was strongly shaken by an earthquake which killed thousands and destroyed a large portion of the city.
During the 18th century approximately 400,000 left for Brazil. In the autumn of 1807, Napoleon moved French troops through Spain to invade Portugal. From 1807 to 1811, British-Portuguese forces would successfully fight against the French invasion of Portugal. Portugal began a slow but inexorable decline until the 20th century. This decline was hastened by the independence in 1822 of the country's largest colonial possession, Brazil.

Map of the Portuguese Overseas provinces in Africa by the time of the Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974).
At the height of European colonialism in the 19th century, Portugal had already lost its territory in South America and all but a few bases in Asia. During this phase, Portuguese colonialism focused on expanding its outposts in Africa into nation-sized territories to compete with other European powers there. Portuguese territories eventually included the modern nations of Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Guinea-Bissau, Angola, and Mozambique.
20th century

canada life insurance company

Canada Life Financial Corporation is a Canadian company that offers life, health, and disability insurance for groups and individuals.
Founded in 1847, it was acquired by The Great-West Life Assurance Company in 2003, after rejecting a hostile takeover bid by rival Manulife. Hugh Cossart Baker, Sr. established the first life insurance company in Canada 21 August 1847; the Canada Life Assurance Company. The firm was incorporated in 1849. The first head office was in Hamilton, Ontario on the top floor of the Mechanics' Institute on James Street near Merrick, where the Hamilton City Centre (formerly the Eaton's Centre) now stands. The head office remained in Hamilton until 1900, when the new president George Cox moved it to Toronto. He was the father of telephone pioneer Hugh Cossart Baker, Jr..
Canada Life is based in Toronto, Ontario at the historic Canada Life Building on University Avenue. It also commissioned the Canada Life Building in Montreal.
Besides Canada, Canada Life has offices in:
United Kingdom
Isle of Man
Republic of Ireland
Germany
Brazil
United States

The Canada Life Building in Toronto in 2005
Canada Life Financial Corporation

Gardasil is available poster for a university health clinic
According to the American National Cancer Institute, "Widespread vaccination has the potential to reduce cervical cancer deaths around the world by as much as two-thirds, if all women were to take tVaccination and public health

he vaccine and if protection turns out to be long-term. In addition, the vaccines can reduce the need for medical care, biopsies, and invasive procedures associated with the follow-up from abnormal Pap tests, thus helping to reduce health care costs and anxieties related to abnormal Pap tests and follow-up procedures.
Current preventive vaccines protect against the two HPV types (16 and 18) that cause about 70% of cervical cancers worldwide.Because of the distribution of HPV types associated with cervical cancer, the vaccines are likely to be most effective in Asia, Europe, and North America.Vaccines that protect against more of the types common in cancers would prevent more cancers, and be less subject to regional variation.
Only 41% of women with cervical cancer in the developing world are able to access medical treatment for their illness.Therefore, prevention of HPV by vaccination may be a more effective way of lowering the disease burden in developing countries than cervical screening.[citation needed] However, individuals in many resource-limited nations, Kenya for example, are unable to afford the vaccine.

Nai insurance academy logo

national insurance academy

The National Insurance Academy (NIA Pune also known as NIA) is situated in Pune, India. It is a capacity builder in Insurance Sector of Asia and Africa founded in 1980 by the Finance Department of the Indian government with capital patronage from LIC and public sector general insurance industry. NIA started MBA education as a lateral diversification from 2004 with Dr K C Mishra as the founder director and Dr R K Parchure as MBA Coordinator, who was soon replaced by Dr S D Totade; recently in second half of 2009 Dr K C Mishra was replaced by Dr. Prathap Oburai from IIM Ahamedabad. Dr. Oburai has promised the students to elevate the academy to top 10 B-Schools of India with strong international collaborations.

Now Mr G N Bajpai is the main guiding force of the academy with professors of international repute like Dr D B Phatak actively behind him. Though by rotation Mr M Ramadoss (New India CMD) has become the Chairman of NIA Governing Board, mostly the academy is controlled by LIC because of its size and the clout of its Chairman with the deputed faculty of the academy, who are responsible for all major revenue generating operations of the academy. A main source of income of the academy is arranged by IRDA in the form of Broker's training and examination programs.

Much to the relief of students AICTE has published in its web page that NIASOM is duly accredited by AICTE for period 2009-11 as per 2009 list. This has scuttled all rumours about this unique academy of choice by students and recruiters thanks to its wonderful grounding.

1 Evolution of NIA 1.1 Conceptual Innovations 1.2 Institutional expansion 1.3 History of Lloyd's Box 2 NIA School of Management 2.1 Vision 2.2 Mission 2.2.1 Annual Events 3 Placements 4 AlumNIA 4.1 AlumNIA Council for 2008-09 5 NAAC Accreditation 5.1 Institutional environment 5.2 Research 6 External links

Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance Company

Type	Mutual
Industry	Insurance
Founded	1880 as Yasuda Life 2004 merger
Headquarters	Tokyo, Japan
Website	meijiyasuda.co.jp

Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance Company (明治安田生命保険相互会社, Meiji Yasuda Seimei Hoken Sōgo Kaisha^?) is a Japanese life insurance company, headquartered in Tokyo and created in 2004 from the merger of Meiji Life and Yasuda Life. The company is one of the oldest and largest insurers in Japan.

Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance Headquates History

In 1880, entrepreneur Zenjiro Yasuda founded the Yasuda Mutual Life Insurance Company, making it part of the Yasuda zaibatsu.

On January 1, 2004, Meiji Mutual Life Insurance Company and Yasuda Mutual Life Insurance Company merged to create the Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance Company.

propety insurance in a u.k

• Main article: Property insurance
  This tornado damage to an Illinois home would be considered an "Act of God" for insurance pur

  Property insurance provides protection against risks to property, such as fire, theft or weather damage. This includes specialized forms of insurance such as fire insurance, flood insurance, earthquake insurance, home insurance, inland marine insurance or boiler insurance.

  • Automobile insurance, known in the UK as motor insurance, is probably the most common form of insurance and may cover both legal liability claims against the driver and loss of or damage to the insured's vehicle itself. Throughout the United States an auto insurance policy is required to legally operate a motor vehicle on public roads. In some jurisdictions, bodily injury compensation for automobile accident victims has been changed to a no-fault system, which reduces or eliminates the ability to sue for compensation but provides automatic eligibility for benefits. Credit card companies insure against damage on rented cars.
    • Driving School Insurance provides cover for any authorized driver whilst undergoing tuition, cover also unlike other motor policies provides cover for instructor liability where both the pupil and driving instructor are equally liable in the event of a claim.
  • Aviation insurance insures against hull, spares, deductibles, hull wear and liability risks.
  • Boiler insurance (also known as boiler and machinery insurance or equipment breakdown insurance) insures against accidental physical damage to equipment or machinery.
  • Builder's risk insurance insures against the risk of physical loss or damage to property during construction. Builder's risk insurance is typically written on an "all risk" basis covering damage due to any cau
• the negligence of the insured) not otherwise expressly excluded. Builder's risk insurance is coverage that protects a person's or organization's insurable interest in materials, fixtures and/or equipment being used in the construction or renovation of a building or structure should those items sustain physical loss or damage from a covered cause.^[18]
• Crop insurance "Farmers use crop insurance to reduce or manage various risks associated with growing crops. Such risks include crop loss or damage caused by weather, hail, drought, frost damage, insects, or disease, for instance.
• Earthquake insurance is a form of property insurance that pays the policyholder in the event of an earthquake that causes damage to the property. Most ordinary homeowners insurance policies do not cover earthquake damage. Most earthquake insurance policies feature a high deductible. Rates depend on location and the probability of an earthquake, as well as the construction of the home.
• A fidelity bond is a form of casualty insurance that covers policyholders for losses that they in
• of its employees.
• Flood insurance protects against property loss due to flooding. Many insurers in the U.S. do not provide flood insurance in some portions of the country. In response to this, the federal government created the National Flood Insurance Program which serves as the insurer of last resort.
• Home insurance or homeowners' insurance: See "Property insurance".
• Landlord insurance is specifically designed for people who own properties which they rent out. Most house insurance cover in the UK will not be valid if the property is rented out therefore landlords must take out this specialist form of home insurance.
• Marine insurance and marine cargo insurance cover the loss or damage of ships at sea or on inland waterways, and of cargo in transit, regardless of the method of transit. When the owner of the cargo and the carrier are separate corporations, marine cargo insurance typically compensates the owner of cargo for losses sustained from fire, shipwreck, etc., but excludes losses that can be recovered from the carrier or the carrier's insurance. Many marine insurance underwriters will include "time element" coverage in such policies, which extends the indemnity to cover loss of profit and other business expenses attributable to the delay caused by a covered loss.
• Surety bond insurance is a three party insurance guaranteeing the performance of the principal.
• Terrorism insurance provides protection against any loss or damage caused by terrorist activities.
• Volcano insurance is an insurance that covers volcano damage in Hawaii.
• Volcano insurance is an insurance that covers volcano damage in Hawaii.
• Windstorm insurance is an insurance covering the damage that can be caused by hurricanes and tropical
cyclones.

Type	Government-owned corporation
Industry	Life insurance
Founded	1 September 1956
Headquarters	Mumbai, India
Key people	T. S. Vijayan (Chairman) D. K. Mehrotra, Thomas Mathew and A. Dasgupta (Managing Directors)
Products	Individual Life Insurance,Group Insurance and Pension Plans
Total assets	Rs. 8 trillion (US$ 178.4 billion)
Employees	112,184
Parent	NIL
Subsidiaries	LIC Housing Finance Limited, LIC(Nepal)Ltd, LIC(Lanka)Ltd, LIC(International)BSC(C),Behrain,
Website	www.licindia.com

The Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) (Hindi: भारतीय जीवन बीमा निगम) is the largest life insurance company in India, and also the country's largest investor.; it is fully owned by the Government of India. It also funds close to 24.6% of the Indian Government's expenses. It has assets estimated of Rs. 8 trillion (US$ 178.4 billion). It was founded in 1956.

Headquartered in Mumbai, which is considered the financial capital of India, the Life Insurance Corporation of India currently has 8 zonal Offices and 101 divisional offices located in different parts of India, at least 2048 branches located in different cities and towns of India along with satellite Offices attached to about some 50 Branches, and has a network of around 1.2 million agents for soliciting life insurance business from the public.

public health managment for disease in south africa

Public health, Disease management (health), and Chronic care management

Public health is concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on population health analysis. The population in question can be as small as a handful of people or as large as all the inhabitants of several continents (for instance, in the case of a pandemic). Public health is typically divided into epidemiology, biostatistics and health services. Environmental, social, behavioral, and occupational health are also important subfields.

A child being immunized against polio.

Vaccination policy refers to the policy a government adopts in relation to vaccination. Vaccinations are voluntary in some countries and mandatory in some countries. Some governments pay all or part of the costs of vaccinations for vaccines in a national vaccination schedule.

ay, most governments recognize the importance of public health programs in reducing the incidence of disease, disability, and the effects of aging, although public health generally receives significantly less government funding compared with medicine. In recent years, public health programs providing vaccinations have made incredible strides in promoting health, including the eradication of smallpox, a disease that plagued humanity for thousands of years.

An important public health issue facing the world currently is HIV/AIDS. Another major public health concern is diabetes. In 2006, according to the World Health Organization, at least 171 million people worldwide suffered from diabetes. Its incidence is increasing rapidly, and it is estimated that by the year 2030, this number will double. A controversial aspect of public health is the control of smoking.

Antibiotic resistance is another major concern, leading to the reemergence of diseases such as Tuberculosis.

Special health care systems

• Occupational safety and health
• School health services
• Military medicine

mutual insurance in australia

A Mutual insurance company is an insurance company which has no shareholders but instead is owned entirely by its policyholders: this ownership either extends to all its policyholders or is restricted to certain classes of policyholders. Their ownership rights typically include voting rights, for instance in the election of the board of directors and on any proposal to demutualise. In a mutual insurance company, any distributed surplus funds is paid entirely to policyholders, whereas in a proprietary company (one with shareholders) a proportion of the surplus (typically 10%) is paid to shareholders, in exchange for the capital that they provide to support the business. The absence of shareholders makes it more difficult for the directors of a mutual to raise fresh capital, for example to finance any new ventures that they propose. Historically, insurance began in many countries mainly through a mutual (or cooperative) structure. In recent years, many insurance companies have gone through demutualization and become public companies in an effort, among other things, to enable them to acquire further capital.

The global trade association for the industry, the International Cooperative and Mutual Insurance Federation, claims 216 members in 74 countries, in turn representing over 400 insurers.

Contents 1 List of mutual insurance companies 1.1 Canada 1.2 Germany 1.3 Japan 1.4 Spain 1.5 Australia 1.6 United Kingdom[2] 1.7 United States 2 List of demutualized insurance companies 2.1 Japan 2.2 South Africa 2.3 United Kingdom 2.4 United States 3 List of defunct mutual insurance companies 3.1 Japan 4 References 5 External links

history of usa insurance company

New York Life Building

The company was founded in 1840 as the Nautilus Insurance Company in New York City, with assets of just $17,000. It was renamed the New York Life Insurance Company in 1849. Its first headquarters were at 112-114 Broadway; the first president was James DePeyster Ogden. The current New York Life headquarters was designed by noted architect Cass Gilbert and completed in 1928. The New York Life building, at 51 Madison Avenue, was constructed during the presidency of Darwin P. Kingsley. He expanded the company’s operations and developed new types of insurance. As with other early insurance companies in the U.S., in its early years the company insured the lives of slaves for their owners. In response to bills passed in California in 2001 and in Illinois in 2003, the company reported that Nautilus sold 485 slaveholder life insurance policies during a two-year period in the 1840s; they added that their trustees voted to end the sale of such policies 15 years before the Emancipation Proclamation.^[6]

The company became known for innovative business practices. In 1860, well before state laws required it, New York Life developed the non-forfeiture option, the predecessor to the guaranteed cash values of modern policies, under which a policy remains in force even if a premium payment is missed. It was also the first American life insurance company to pay a cash dividend to policyholders, and the first U.S. company to issue policies to women at the same rates as men. Susan B. Anthony was one of their first female policy holders, and her father worked for NYLIC.^[7] In 1896, New York Life became the first company to insure people with disabilities and the first to issue a policy with a disability benefit that presumes total disability to be permanent after a predetermined period.

In the late 1990s New York Life was one of several large mutual life insurers to back a bill that would allow demutualization into a structure known as a mutual holding company (MHC). CEO Sternberg himself argued strongly in favor of the bill,^[8] which was ultimately defeated. The NYLIC board of directors subsequently reversed course, with the company strongly and publicly embracing their mutual nature in a series of advertisements.